ARTIKEL TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

HISTORI OF KOMPUTER

Based on the development of computer technology, the development can be divided into 2 parts :

A.    Before1940

B.     After 1940

Since time immemorial, the data processing has been performed by humans. Humans also find equipment mechanics and electronics to help people in the calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. Computers that we see today is a long evolution of human discoveries sejah ancient form of mechanical or electronic appliance. Nowadays computers and supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now possess more than just the usual mathematical calculations. Among them is a computer system that is able to read the gauze supermarket groceries code, telephone exchange that handles millions of calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet that connects various places in the world. After all of the data processing devices since ancient times until now could we classify into four major categories. Tools manual: namely data processing equipment is very simple, and the most important factor in
use of hand tools is the use of human labor.

1.       Mechanical equipment: the equipment that has been shaped mechanical manually moved by hand Electronic Mechanical Equipment: Equipment mechanic driven automatically by electronic motors.

2.         Electronic Equipment: Equipment that works fully electronically manually.

a.      Abacus. Appeared about 5,000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places today, can be considered as the beginning of a computing machine. This tool allows users to perform calculations using the sliding grains arranged on a shelf. The merchants in the future using the abacus to calculate trade transactions. Along with the emergence of a panciand paper, especially in europe, Abacus Losing Popularity.

b.     Calculator numerical wheel. After nearly 12 centuries, emerged other invention in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, discovered what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father perform tax calculations. The brass square box called the Pascaline, used eight serrated wheel to add numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on ten weakness this only limited to the sum.

c.         Calculator numerical wheel 2. In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can multiply. Just like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using wheels serrations. By studying the notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can improve the tool.

d.        Mechanical Calculator. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar invented machines that can perform four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. With his ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era. Beginning of the actual computer is formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed the natural suitability of mechanical machines and mathematics: excellent mechanical machine in the same tasks repeatedly without error, while mathematics requires a simple repetition of a certain measures. The problem kemudain developed to put the mechanical machine as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform calculations differensil equation. The machine is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programsand xcan do calculations and print the results automatically. After working with Differential Engine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public the specifications Anlytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of Augusta machine makes it possible to put instructions in the development of the engine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the US Defense Department named a programming language ADA named in his honor. In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also applies the principle of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task is to find a faster way to perform calculations for the US Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete the calculation. With growing populations, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to complete the calculation sensus.Pada next period, some engineers create other new enemuan p. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931. The machine could solve complex differential equations that have been considered complicated by academics. The machine is very large and heavy due to the hundreds of teeth and the shaft is required to perform the calculation. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer that uses Boolean algebra in electrical circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) of the binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying the conditions are right and wrong into the electrical circuit in the form of terhubungterputus, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electronic computer in 1940. But they stopped karenaKehilangan project funding source.

After 1940

Developments after 1940 computer subdivided into 5 generations.

1.      COMPUTER FIRST GENERATION (1940-1959)

The first generation computers used vacuum tubes to process and store data. He became fast heat and flammable, therefore thousands of vacuum tubes is required to run the entire operation of the computer. It also requires a lot of electric energy that causes electrical interference in the surrounding area. The first generation of computers is 100% electronic and assist the experts in solving problem quickly and accurately calculations.

a.   ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) was designed by Dr. John Mauchly and Presper Eckert in 1946. This generation of computers has begun to store data that is known as the concept of data storage (stored program concept) proposed by John Von Neuman.

b.      COMPUTER EDVAC use vacuum tubes have also been reduced in the design of computer EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) in which the  calculation is faster than ENIAC.

c.      COMPUTER EDSAC EDSAC (Electonic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) introduced the use of mercury (mercury) in a tube for storing data. UNIVAC 1 Computer. In 1951 Dr. Mauchly and Eckert create first UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) The first computer used to process trade data.

2.        SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER ( 1959 – 1964 )

a.       In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of the computer. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in television, radio, and computers. As a result, the size of the electrical machines is reduced drastically. The transistor used in computers began in 1956. Coupled with early advances in magnetic-core memory to second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is superkomputer.IBM make supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, can handle large amounts of data. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC has been installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the US Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Replaces the second generation computer machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code. In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities, and in the second generation computer pemerintahan.Komputer-this is a fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.

b.      COMPUTER DEC PDP-8. One important example was the IBM 1401 is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information. The program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print customer invoices and minutes later design products or calculate paychecks. Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. This programming language replaces complicated machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program a computer. New types of careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). Software industry also began to emerge and develop in this second generation computers.

3.        THIRD GENERATIONCOMPUTER ( 1964 – early 80s )

a.         Computer third generation (1964 - early 80s)
Although the transistor is in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate considerable heat, which can potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. The IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the engine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.

4.        FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER ( eraly 80s )

a.         After IC, the development becomes more obvious: reduce the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980s, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip. Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. Ability to install so many components in a chip half the size coins encourage lower prices and the size of the computer. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability. Intel 4004 chip made in 1971, took the IC with all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a specific task that spesifik.Sekarang, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items such as microwave ovens, televisions, and cars with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors. Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no longer be a dominant big companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The software is most popular at the time was word processing and spreadsheets. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticatedand canbe promagrammed.

on 1981, IBM introduced the use of the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued their trend toward a smaller size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop) or even computer thant can be grasped( palmtops ).

IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh, introduced in the computer. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a computer-based teks.Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices. At the present time, we know the journey IBM compatible with CPU usage: IBM PC / 486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. Along with the proliferation of the use of computers in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow a single computer to establish electronic cooperation to complete an assignment process. By using direct cabling (also called a local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can bocome veri large.

5.        FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER ( FUTURE )

Many advances in the field of computer design and technology allows pembuatankomputer semkain fifth generation. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information. Japan is a country that is well known in the attributes of the fifth generation computers. ICOT Institute (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also set up to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm. We wait for information is more valid and fruitful.

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